30 Nov 2015
THE FIVE GENERATION OF COMPUTER.
FIRST GENERATION
(1940-1956) VACUUM TUBES
During the
period of 1940 to 1956 first generation of computers were developed.
The first computers used
vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
The vacuum
tube was developed by Lee De Forest. A vacuum tube is a
device generally used to amplify a signal by
controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space. They were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which
was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language
understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one
problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output
was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation
computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a
business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
CHARACTERISTICS
1) First generation computers were based on vacuum tubes.
2) The operating systems of the first generation computers were very slow.
3) They were very large in size.
4) Production of the heat was in large amount in first generation computers.
5) Machine language was used for programming.
6) First generation computers were unreliable.
7) They were difficult to program and use.
UNIVAC, EDVAC, EDSAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first generation computing devices.
1) First generation computers were based on vacuum tubes.
2) The operating systems of the first generation computers were very slow.
3) They were very large in size.
4) Production of the heat was in large amount in first generation computers.
5) Machine language was used for programming.
6) First generation computers were unreliable.
7) They were difficult to program and use.
UNIVAC, EDVAC, EDSAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first generation computing devices.
SECOND GENERATION
(1956-1963) TRANSISTORS
During the period of 1956 to 1963 second generation of computers were developed. The second generation computers emerged
with development of Transistors.
The transistor was invented in 1947 by three scientists J. Bardeen, H.W.
Brattain and W. Shockley. A transistor is a small device made up of
semiconductor material like germanium and silicon. Even though the Transistor
were developed in 1947 but was not widely used until
the end of 50s. The transistor made the second generation computers faster,
smaller, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their
first-generation computers. Even though the transistor used in the computer
generated enormous amount of heat which ultimately would lead to the damage of
the computers but was far better than vacuum tubes. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers. Second-generation computers still relied on punched
cards for input and printouts for output. Second generation computers used the low level language i.e. machine level language and assembly language which made the programmers easier to specify the instructions. Later on High level language programming
were introduced such as COBOL and FORTRAN. Magnetic core was used as primary storage. Second generation computer has faster input /output devices which thus brought improvement in the computer.
CHARACTERISTICS
1) Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes.
2) Second generation computers were smaller in comparison with the first generation computers.
3) They were faster in comparison with the first generation computers.
4) They generated less heat and were less prone to failure.
5) They took comparatively less computational time.
6) Assembly language was used for programming.
7) Second generation computers has faster input/output devices.
IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM 1401, ATLAS and Mark III are the examples of second generation computers.
2) Second generation computers were smaller in comparison with the first generation computers.
3) They were faster in comparison with the first generation computers.
4) They generated less heat and were less prone to failure.
5) They took comparatively less computational time.
6) Assembly language was used for programming.
7) Second generation computers has faster input/output devices.
IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM 1401, ATLAS and Mark III are the examples of second generation computers.
THIRD GENERATION
(1964-1971) INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers.
Instead
of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation
computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a central program
CHARACTERISTICS
1) IC was used instead of transistors in the third generation computers.
2) Third generation computers were smaller in size and cheaper as compare to the second generation computers.
3) They were fast and more reliable.
4) High level language was developed.
5) Magnetic core and solid states as main storage.
6) They were able to reduce computational time and had low maintenance cost.
7) Input / Output devices became more sophisticated.
PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360 and IBM 370 are the examples of third generation computers.
1) IC was used instead of transistors in the third generation computers.
2) Third generation computers were smaller in size and cheaper as compare to the second generation computers.
3) They were fast and more reliable.
4) High level language was developed.
5) Magnetic core and solid states as main storage.
6) They were able to reduce computational time and had low maintenance cost.
7) Input / Output devices became more sophisticated.
PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360 and IBM 370 are the examples of third generation computers.
FOURTH GENERATION
(1971-PRESENT) MICROPROCESSORS
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers,
as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What
in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the
hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the
computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single
chip.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home
user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.
Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many
areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they
could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
CHARACTERISTICS
1) The fourth generation computers have microprocessor-based systems.
2) They are the cheapest among all the computer generation.
3) The speed, accuracy and reliability of the computers were improved in fourth generation computers.
4) Many high-level languages were developed in the fourth generation such as COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL and C language.
5) A Further refinement of input/output devices was developed.
6) Networking between the systems was developed.
IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000, PUP 11 and APPLE II are the examples of fourth generation computers.
FIFTH
GENERATION (PRESENT AND BEYOND) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Fifth generation
computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
The
use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to
develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and
self-organization.
CHARACTERISTICS
1) The fifth generation computers will use super large scale integrated chips.
2) They will have artificial intelligence.
3) They will be able to recognize image and graphs.
4) Fifth generation computer aims to be able to solve highly complex problem including decision making logical reasoning.
5) They will be able to use more than one CPU for faster processing speed.
6) Fifth generation computers are intended to work with natural language.
1) The fifth generation computers will use super large scale integrated chips.
2) They will have artificial intelligence.
3) They will be able to recognize image and graphs.
4) Fifth generation computer aims to be able to solve highly complex problem including decision making logical reasoning.
5) They will be able to use more than one CPU for faster processing speed.
6) Fifth generation computers are intended to work with natural language.
26 Nov 2015
25 Nov 2015
23 Nov 2015
Top class songwriter and singer, TIMI DAKOLO
Top class songwriter and singer, TIMI DAKOLO shows off his 'Awoko' won at the incomparable COSON Song Awards 2015 at the Expo Hall, Eko Hotel and Suites. The only way to describe it is WOW!
20 Nov 2015
KICC Choir also ministers at COSON in the Church with their marvellous voices
KICC Choir also ministers at COSON in the Church with their marvellous voices. November 1, the beginning of the COSON Week was a great day. If you were not there, sorry, you missed.
Multi-Talented, Tim Godfery almost blew-off the roof of the KICC Prayer Dome.
Multi-Talented, Tim Godfery almost blew-off the roof of the KICC Prayer Dome with his performance with his group, XTREME CREW at COSON in the Church, one of the seven amazing events of the just held COSON Week. It was unbelievable!
19 Nov 2015
Resident Pastor of KICC, Maryland, Lagos, Pastor Femi Fasheru ministers at COSON in the Church, one of the 7 days Events of COSON Week.
Resident Pastor of KICC, Maryland, Lagos, Pastor Femi Fasheru ministers at COSON in the Church, one of the 7 days Events of COSON Week. #dcosoninthechurch.
17 Nov 2015
OKOROJI THANKS OSINBAJO, AMBODE & OBIANO FOR THEIR SUPPORT OF THE COSON WEEK
OKOROJI
THANKS OSINBAJO, AMBODE & OBIANO FOR THEIR SUPPORT OF THE COSON WEEK
Chairman, Copyright Society of Nigeria (COSON), Chief Tony
Okoroji has sent separate letters of appreciation to the Vice President,
Professor Yemi Osinbajo SAN; the Governor of Lagos State, Mr. Akinwunmi Ambode
and the Governor of Anambra State, Mr. Willie Obiano for their important support
of the events of the COSON Week which held in Lagos from November 1 to 7, 2015.
It will be recalled that the Vice President delivered the
very well received Keynote Address at the COSON Lecture, “Intellectual Property
in the Digital Economy” which held at Lagos Sheraton Hotel on Monday November
2, 2015 at which event Nigeria’s former High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
and former Attorney – General of the Federation, Prince Bola Ajibola was
honoured with the Copyright Grand Medal.
Governor Ambode and Governor Obiano, both sent high powered
representatives to the COSON Green Ball which took place at MUSON Center Lagos
on Wednesday, November 4, 2015. Governor Ambode went further to send a
representative to the COSON Song Awards which held at the Eko Convention
Center, Eko Hotel & Suites, Victoria Island on Friday, November 6, 2015.
Commenting on the COSON Week, Chief Okoroji said, “I am very
pleased with the outcome. Through the COSON Week, we have started important
conversations with various segments of the Nigerian nation on the key roll that
our creative industries can play in the socio economic development of our
nation. We believe that the ingenuity of our people is what will make the
difference at the end of the day. The creative ability of our people is the new
oil which if we manage well, will ensure that we never lack. The words of our
Vice President at the COSON Lecture prove that he fully understands the power
of Intellectual Property. The recent appointment of Mr. Geoffrey Onyeama as our
Minister of Foreign Affairs gives me a lot of hope. Mr. Onyeama is a
well-rounded gentleman and an international expert on Intellectual Property has
my greatest respect. The fact that Prof Osinbajo and Mr. Onyeama will be in the
council chambers when discussions take place on the issues that will determine
the future of the Nigerian nation, gives me great hope.
“On the organizational aspect of the COSON Week, I believe
that we did very well. Our technical teams were excellent. Our audio, video,
lights, stage and design teams were made up completely of Nigerians and not
once at any of the seven back to back events was there an audio feed back, a
microphone failure, a flicker of lights, a stage dysfunction or any technical
failure of any type. I congratulate the guys who proved that Nigerians can take
up delicate responsibilities and execute them professionally”.
Chief Okoroji has also sent letters of appreciation to other
key persons who made the COSON Week a huge success. One of those persons is
Senator (Princess) Florence Ita Giwa who masterfully chaired the amazing COSON
Green Ball and whom Chief Okoroji describes as the best friend of the Nigerian
entertainment industry. Another person is TV star, Mr. Victor Oladokun whose
astounding hosting of COSON in the Church is talk of the town.
FROM THE COSON WEEK COMMAND CENTRE
ESTHER OLANREWAJU
16 Nov 2015
Weight loss: How to burn fat out of your body
Weight loss: How to burn fat out of your body
This is a sponsored post. Article written by weightloss expert. Read below..
If you are a woman, aged 30+ and above, and currently struggling to lose weight, then I want you to kindly read this letter to the end..... Do you currently feel sluggish, out of breath when climbing stairs and also find it very hard to fit into many of the dresses in your wardrobe.... Then you also need to pay attention to this letter as well because I am about to reveal the secret you need for you to lose weight easily.
These 3 things are very IMPORTANT & Crucial in your fight against FAT...
When you KNOW these 3 things and you APPLY them, you will find it so simple & easier than before to shake off excess fat from your body.
Without wasting time, let's me share them with you below:
#1. To Lose Weight, Your Body Must Burn More Calories Than It Consumes
If you have excess fat on your body, the fail safe, guaranteed method to get rid of it is by making your body burn more calories than you consume in the meals you eat on a daily basis.
But where most people fail with this method is when they try to go on extreme diets that restrict them or starve them to lose weight.
Some people eat just one meal in a day, everyday for many weeks. In the process, they end up with stomach ulcers .
I am not sure if you've tried these extreme diets and starvation before yourself...
But have you noticed that you will lose a lot of weight quickly, but since you can't starve yourself forever,you gain back the excess fat quickly when you start eating regular food again.
But rather than starving yourself, all in the name of losing weight, what If I tell you that you can eat up to 5 times daily and still lose weight?
I know this is possible, because I have had hundreds of clients who spent their days eating 4-5 times daily and still ended up losing 7kg, 10kg, 15kg, 27kg etc.
The Secret is very Simple...
These clients of mine eat NATURAL Nigerian fat burning foods that are super low in calories.
This enables their body to burn more calories from their body than they consume and make them lose weight easily in the end.
#2. Sugar Will Make You Fat!
I know you've heard that phrase that sugar is bad for you.
Personally, I call it POISON.
That is because I know that eating too much of sugar can get stored as fat in your body and also gradually reduce the quality of your life.
Too much sugar in your body can make your body's insulin get tired and find it hard to process the excess sugar, which is what causes Type II diabetes and liver diseases
And guess what....
Most of the foods out there that you probably eat at the moment contains a lot of sugar.
And I am talking about foods such as.....Cake, meatpie, sausage roll, donuts, Chocolates, Starch, Fufu (akpu), Soft drinks, Alcohol, Milk shakes etc.
The sugar content in these foods is so high, that your body stores the excess that it does not use into yourbody's fat storage cells.
And this manifest in the form of fat on your arms, your thighs, neck and most especially in your belly area which is the most stubborn place to burn fat.
For you to lose weight rapidly, you have to cut sugary food from your diet, and replace it with NATURAL foods with lower sugar content, and you have to do it fast!
#3. Sitting Too Much Everyday Will Stop You From Losing Weight.
Right now, you are probably reading this letter while sitting on a chair and its possible you've been sat in it for the past 4-5 hours or more.
If you spend a lot of time sitting behind a desk at work, or spend most of your time daily sitting on a sofa watching TV, you might find out that you will gain weight easily.
In the fitness world, we call this a "sedentary lifestyle".
This lifestyle will slow down the rate at which your body burn calories and the enzymes responsible for breaking down fat will start switching off.
That is not all, the less you move, the less sugar your body burn (remember the sugar in the food you eat) and the more these sugar get stored in the form of fat.
This means that, if you want to lose weight, you need to engage in a form of exercise that will help your body burn more calories off.
It does not have to be a gym. You can also workout at home by doing simple high intensity workouts for 15-20 minutes to speed up your metabolism and burn more calories.
So What's My Point?
If you want to lose weight easily, and drop 2-3 dress sizes and become slimmer with an amazing toned body, you need to cut out sugary foods from your diet, and shift your lifestyle slightly to include period of activity, your body will lose the weight "EASILY" and "SPEEDILY".
There is a 100% SAFE & HEALTHY way of doing this that is available to only a selected few and I currently use it to help my client lose weight rapidly.
And I would love to share this method with YOU so you can get rid of stubborn fat and help you get your "slimmer body and flatter belly" back.
You see, losing weight is MUCH easier that you think, if you know the exact thing to do that will help you lose weight.
And This Is Where Someone Like Me Comes In...
My name is Olu AIjotan and many of my clients and subscribers call me "Coach Olu".
So far, I have helped over 1,400 Nigerian men and women lose between 3kg - 35kg of excess body fatand I want to help YOU too.
So...If you have been struggling with "belly" and "body" fat and would like to lose between 5kg - 10kg of excess body fat in the next 30 days from now...irrespective of whatever diet or program you have tried in the past, then...
I Want To Coach You Step-by-Step On How To...
* Lose Excess Weight
* Burn Fat Off Rapidly
* Get A Flatter Belly
* Get An Amazing Toned Body
* Get Your Dream Body Back
So if you would like me to coach you to lose weight, drop 2-3 dress sizes and get your amazing body back...
I want you to go ahead and click the link below to sign up right away ==>http://www.naijaweightloss.com/signup.htm
It's FREE to sign up!
Thanks for reading.
Olu Aijotan
Just in case you missed that article, I URGE you to read it at this link ==>
1. Are you Struggling With Belly Fat? ==> http://goo.gl/7RniEX
2. What You Should Know About losing weight ==> http://goo.gl/9Tr1cJ
3. How To Deal With Stubborn Belly Fat ==> http://goo.gl/1sYX9j
4. How To Prepare Fat Loss Breakfast ==> http://goo.gl/XOvIrX
5. Weight Loss Testimony of A Married Woman ==> http://goo.gl/53iyXk
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)